The Death and Life of Free Will

Ron Phares

March 8, 2009

Reading from Ecclesiastes of the Hebrew Bible.

Illusion of illusions, says the Teacher, illusion of illusions! All is illusion. What do people gain from all the toil at which they toil under the sun? A generation goes, and a generation comes, but the earth remains for ever. The sun rises and the sun goes down, and hurries to the place where it rises. The wind blows to the south, and goes round to the north; round and round goes the wind, and on its circuits the wind returns. All streams run to the sea, but the sea is not full; to the place where the streams flow, there they continue to flow. All things are wearisome; more than one can express; the eye is not satisfied with seeing, or the ear filled with hearing. What has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done; there is nothing new under the sun.

This also is illusion and a chasing after breath.

Prayer

Let’s pray: We come here today humbled by the uncertainty of our times We return here today, to a touchstone of our lives We arrive here today audacious enough to hope that By our participation in these moments, our fears of uncertainty Might be transformed into a celebration of uncertainty. We come here to connect with our most profound understandings And to give our most generous attention to our ideals, our truth and each other. We are here, hat in hand but fist held high, humble and hopeful. And so we give thanks For this company, for this time and for this place And ask that it train and sustain us For mercy and grace.

Amen

Sermon

Today is a good day. These are uncertain times, but this hour is a good hour. This light. This breath is a good breath. They are good precisely because we are here to recognize them as good, to praise them and be grateful. And the way you’re sitting and thinking are also good, as are these words good words, framed as we are by this day and this hour.

But in the midst of this goodness, there is anxiety. In the midst of our gratitude, there is resentment. In the midst of our praise, there is judgment. We are conflicted, as bodies and as a body. And this is no surprise. In fact, it may be a constant. We’re complex. We’re messy. On a metaphysical level, we’re somehow complete and incomplete at the same time. That there is anxiety and judgment and resentment need not mar the goodness of this hour and may in fact highlight it.

After all, there are reasons we are here this morning. Admirable reasons. There are causes that account for our choosing to show up in this place. We want to be here. So give thanks. Despite our troubled hearts, and maybe because of them, we each made a conscious decision to come worship together. Or did we? Was it ever really a choice? We’re we going to come here this morning regardless of our experience of deciding to do so? Perhaps it was pre-ordained, written in the stars or in the book of life. Could it be that, your being here today was a predestined result due to nigh on infinite causes and consequences dating back to the big bang? A series of causes and consequences that you have no say in whatsoever?

I know that’s not what it feels like. It feels like you chose to be here this morning. But the paradigm in which we live maintains that while there are forks in the path, there was never really any question about which path is taken. Thus, choice is a figment. Free will is an illusion.

So here’s a story. Tell me if you’ve heard this before – a man came face to face with the truth in the form of an apple. A curious fellow, he was fascinated by the natural scene around him and the apple tree near which he sat. And then came the fall. And everything changed. To be clear, it was the apple that fell, not the man. You see, our protagonist’s name was Isaac Newton. And what changed everything, was his assertion that an unseen, but distinct, measurable and predictable force was causing the apple to fall to the ground. No longer did God keep the seas at bay. No longer did reality have a purpose.

Be careful of apples, people. They keep the doctor away, sure, but as Adam and Isaac Newton can attest, they have a conspicuous and dramatic potential to destroy worldviews and realign identity. For no less than that is what gravity did.

At any rate, the discovery of gravity was an assault, the final and definitive assault, on the preceding paradigm. Like most assaults, this one had collateral damage. Much like Galileo and Darwin, Newton did not set out to kill god. And yet there lies the occidental diety, amongst the rubble of antiquity. And next to him lay the corpse of free will. It might come as a shock that God and free will were in a relationship of such intimacy that they would both be felled by the same apple. It’s certainly not without irony. To many here, an omnipotent, omniscient God might be synonymous with predestination and the suppression of free will. And yet the in the end, the paradigm that Newton and his kind ushered in, eliminated the possibility of either.

Here’s the forensics; the way Newton described gravity set us on a trajectory of cause and effect, where every event has material causes, identifiable, measurable causes and every effect can be predicted by taking these causes into account. This view is maintained in physics, biology and psychology. It is a notion of reality where our predictive accuracy is limited only by the amount and accuracy of the information we posses. The metaphor is billiard balls. The metaphor is a machine. And it is a powerful worldview. Cause and effect took humanity to the moon. However, our personalities, our decision making methods are reduced or, perhaps, elevated to a definite (if difficult to figure) mixture of DNA, biological secretions and socialization that is purely mechanistic. This knowledge is inherent, however threatening it sounds. After all, we debate about whether a cause was nature verses nurture, not whether there was a cause. Play that out, folks, and it leaves no room for free will.

But let me shift the perspective a little bit. I first started thinking about this when I was considering the Buddhist concept of Prat_tyasamutp_da. This is the doctrine of dependent origination or mutual causation. Essentially, this observes that every being is contingent on every other being, that reality arises in an infinite and interdependent web of causation, that nothing in the universe exists without everything else in the universe. That made sense to me. I could kind of reverse engineer my present to that conclusion slash origin. So, I was thinking, “huh, if everything causes everything, that doesn’t leave much room for free will. But, I’ve grown up to really value free will.” It was a riddle.

And then it occurred to me that, “hey, this inderdependent web thing sounds kind of familiar.” It’s right there in our principles. To be fair, the committees at General Assembly didn’t come up with the interdependent web out of thin air. It is attested to in several ontologies, from Buddhism to the environmental movement and deep ecology to physics and western philosophy. It’s the butterfly effect, where the flapping of a butterfly’s wings in Botswana has some consequence, eventually in Siberia. But think; a thousand butterflies. A million butterflies. Think every butterfly that ever lived.

Let’s just imagine this for a moment. Think of a spider web. You are a node or maybe a strand between two nodes on the web. I’m assuming that a spider web as we imagine it is more or less one-dimensional. Existence is not. So at every node imagine several other strands connecting at every conceivable angle. Each of these strands connects to a node in yet another web. And each node in another web has strands attached to it at every conceivable angle to other webs. And this tightly compacted weave and interconnected web is as big as EXISTENCE. If I move one node here, everything moves. If every event is mutually dependent, if it’s all cause and effect and every effect is another cause, what then of free will? Under pressure from all of existence, is there room for it? So Newton and gravity and the billiard ball cause and effect present a significant challenge to free will. Buddhism and our own UU principles severely limit any notion of free agency. It’s beginning to feel like piling on, but contemporary science kicks it to the curb.

Benjamin Libet conducted the touchstone experiment for this in the 1970’s. He was able to determine that people were acting before they decided to act even though they thought they were deciding to act before they acted. He found that the brain had initiated movement before any conscious decision to move had been made. According to Libet, free will, insofar as it is conscious, is more like story telling than decision making. It is purely after the act. In a more recent study, Yale psychology professor John Bargh (Barge) sent one of his grad assistants into town, arms full of papers, a briefcase, pens, all sorts of stuff, including a cup of coffee. The grad assistant would then administer a survey to random passers by. The survey described a person named Joe and included his photograph and asked something like, do you like Joe? Sometime near the beginning of this encounter, the grad assistant would shift his too many things he was carrying and ask the survey participant to hold the cup of coffee. This would be for a mere second. Very casually done. The trick is that some people were given hot coffee. Some people were given ice coffee. Consistently, the clear majority of people who held the hot coffee, for ONE second, liked Joe. And those that held the cold coffee, did not like Joe. You think the cold coffee people think they made a decision of their own free will to not like Joe? In a recent interview, Malcolm Gladwell, author of bestselling books Blink and The Tipping Point, drives home the argument. Specifically naming the research of Daniel Wegner at Harvard, Gladwell states that, “If you go through all of this research that’s been done in psychology recently, you end up with the position that the conscious will is an illusion.”

We can do a little experiment here this morning. The experiment goes as follows : Decide you are going to close your eyes, relax, pay attention only to your breathing and have no thoughts, i.e. do a form of meditation. OK, if you were running this show this should be no problem, decide to have no thoughts, have no thoughts! It would be very surprising if most of you didn’t find it exceptionally difficult to banish thoughts. The brain, is generating them in spite of your conscious best intentions. That is what the brain is designed to do, regardless of whether “you” want it to or not. It has been said that we are, each us, fundamentally a hundred trillion cellular robots who are not self conscious and who do not know who “you” are.

So by now, I’m hoping that I’ve put some serious questions into your brain about the possibility of free will (as if you could choose to believe in free will or not). This might be the grown up version of being told there’s no such thing as Santa Clause. It’s a bummer. I mean, is it so much to ask? I’m not asking to control the stars, or even a starship, or even someone else. I just want the dignity of self-control. Now inherent dignity is collateral damage too.

And what does this say about morality? Did we just obliterate any notion of benevolence? Did the distinction between good and evil just evaporate? If we’re all part of an unplanned plan with no triumph of progress or humanly understandable goal of any kind, is there any meaning to be had at all?

These are serious questions. For what its worth, they are being hashed out by our champions of philosophy and science even now. In fact, you can watch parts of the conversation on you tube. I watched far too much of it preparing this sermon, so I’ll tell you what I’m going to do. I am going to disregard them. Sometimes you can’t fix a problem from the same vantage point and with the same tools with which you created the problem. It’s harder to find your way out of a maze when you are in it than when you are above it. So we need to shift our perspective. It’s like a couple Sundays ago, one of the youth First Austin and I were trying to teach the precocious little Spencer some really big words. Spencer, by the way, is our Director of Religious Education’s little boy. He’s like four or eight or some small number of years old. He’s a little guy. He’s locally famous for being the one in the kids choir that usually looks like he’s about to fall over from enthusiastic singing. Great kid. So we tried to teach him the word synesthesia so he could blow his teacher’s mind come Monday. We didn’t have a lot of luck. So I asked Spencer what was the biggest word he knew. He thought about it for a bit and then replied, “The Sky.”

The Sky. Right. Thank you Spencer for teaching me a truly big word. So, a shift in perspective. Let’s have a fresh look at how this argy bargy began. Go back to the interconnected web of existence and understand this: Every event in the world that has happened, every breath, every confession, every joy, every misspelling, every shift of sand on the ocean’s floor, every leaf dying in autumn, every inching of every worm, every event is plugged into you, is shaping you and propelling you just as you propel it all likewise. Can you feel it? Well…. Can you feel some of it? Maybe. Can you imagine it? Yes. In some way. Yes. And that is the trick.

The quantum physicist John Wheeler puts it this way, “There is no out there out there.” All we know is how we correlate with the world. We do not really know what the world is really like, without us. When we seem to experience an external world that is out there, independent of us, it is evidently something we dream up.

Modern neurobiology has reached the exact same conclusion as quantum physics. The visual world, what we see, is an illusion. The science writer Tor Norretranders, author of The Generous Man writes, “The merging of the epistemological lesson from quantum mechanics with the epistemological lesson from neurobiology attest to a very simple fact: What we perceive as being outside of us is indeed a fancy and elegant projection of what we have inside. We do make this projection as a result of interacting with something not inside, but everything we experience is inside.

So, there are causes, but we’re imagining our experiences of them. In some way, we’re projecting the events that determine our actions. Well, that’s not necessarily free will. But it is a radical kind of agency for which I don’t think we even have a word. I mean, the sky? The sky inside. This is radical agency. This is the agency with which we reappropriate our inherent dignity. So the next time you go outside and look up, I want you to see that great big word; dignity.

On top of that, all this radical agency is correlated. It’s all interrelated. It is entirely relational and co-arising. It is Prat_tyasamutp_da. Which, by the way, is a seriously big word.

So, if this is the adult version of the unmasking of Santa Clause, we can, as we did as children, take solace in the fact that we still get presents! It’s not Santa, it’s better. It’s our relatives, our relationships! We still get presents. We still get life. We still get love and hope and fear and breath and fresh bread. Now, I can say without exactly lying and for similar reasons, that, yes, Virginia, there is free will.

So today is a good day. This breath is a good breath. They are good precisely because we recognize them as good. We praise them and are grateful. And the way you’re sitting and thinking are also good, correlated as we are with this day and this moment.

And that there is anxiety and judgment and resentment need not mar the goodness of this hour and may in fact highlight it. For on a metaphysical level, we’re somehow complete and incomplete at the same time.

“Illusion of illusions, says the Teacher, illusion of illusions! All is illusion.” And so, I have been chasing my breath for the past while. But is there some inherent good in this futility? Is there some purpose to the mistaken attribution of purpose?

Free will, experientially, existentially, is akin to an emotion. To deny it would be like denying the reality of love or hate or hope. And as it turns out, emotions are among the primary building blocks of our reality. They have kept us alive and evolving since they emerged in our being. They are the connective tissue in our sense of reality. They are the connective tissue between each other. This is radical agency, but it is also relational agency. We need the world. And we need each other.

Look around. When you see your neighbor’s faults, then you will see your own also. When you see your neighbor’s dignity, then you will have secured your own. Let us embody it with ritual. When we have completed this ritual, please stand, stretch out, shake hands and say hello and thanks to the folks in your vicinity. It’ll be a nice way to close it. You can then remain standing and we’ll move into the song from there.

For now, if you would, hold out both of your hands, palm up. This is a gesture of openness, of asking and receiving. If this next gesture makes you uncomfortable, it’s okay. Honest religion often takes us out of our comfort zone. Keep your left hand open. But with your right hand, place two or more fingers on the wrist of the neighbor to your right, over here on the side a little and under the thumb. If you’re unable to find a pulse, it is enough to know that it is there. If you are on an aisle or sitting by yourself, hold your hand open and feel the qualities of the air.

You may close your eyes or not. However you are comfortable. Breathe in and exhale slowly, as if you were meditating. And keeping that breath intentional, consider how touch affirms the inherent worth and dignity of every person and compassion in human relations, how touch embodies acceptance of one another and is a first step towards the goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice.

Consider that through your fingerprints, you can feel the pulse of your neighbor. Through your singularity, you touch the life force. Finally, see if you can syncopate your breathing with the rhythm of your neighbor’s heart beat and let that syncopation expand in your imagination to include the rhythms of everyone here as nodes on the interdependent web of all existence and facets of the sum that is greater than all these parts. Listen now to breath and blood and life. At one time, be grounded, be here, transcend.

Amen.

Take a minute and say thanks to the folks around you. We’ll move to the next hymn from here.